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Context- Nasofacial anthropometry is the measurement of facial and nasal parameters for racial and gender determination, forensic reconstructions, quantification and treatment of nasofacial abnormalities. Anthropometry also plays a pivotal role in industrial and fashion design, ergonomics and architecture. In these pandemic times, when mask etiquette has become the norm, it is imperative to ergonomically design facial masks to custom fit individuals. 'One size fits all' does not serve the purpose as air leaks waiver the use of these masks completely. Hence revising nasofacial anthropometric baseline data of populations has become more relevant than ever. To assess the nasofacial parameters of males and females of L Aim- Subjects & methods- ucknow population. The present cross sectional study was conducted in the Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, BabuBanarasi Das College of Dental Sciences, Lucknow where 200 subjects with an age group of 18- 35 years were assessed. Nasal, Facial, Philtrum and Columella parameters were recorded using vernier calipers. Statisical analysis- Student's T test was applied to compare two independent groups and Chi square test was applied to compare categorical groups. - Our study found that hyperleptoprosopic face and mesorrhine nose was predominant in both g Results and conclusions enders with a definite increase in dimension among males; confirming sexual dimorphism. Literature review confirmed similarity of face types in places closer to India and variations in farther areas. To conclude, facial type may be majorly dependent on genetic descent and nasal type on environmental factors. Taking into account the huge Indian immigrant population worldwide, results of our study will provide baseline data to researchers.
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Background & objectives: Tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) represent the host immune response against cancer cells associated with good or bad prognosis in different tumour types. This study was undertaken to evaluate the significance of CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ TILs in breast cancer tissues in relation to clinico-pathological variables and survival outcome. Methods: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed with antibodies against CD3, CD4 and CD8 antigens on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections of 150 breast cancer patients. Intratumoural and stromal TIL counting was performed semiquantitatively. Results: The higher CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ intratumoural and stromal counts showed independent and direct association with good prognosis. The prognostic predictor value of intratumoural counts was higher than stromal counts. The independent associations of intratumoural and stromal counts became more prominent when adjusted with stage and grade, respectively. Among intratumoural counts, the high (++/+++) CD4+ count (OR=3.85, 95% CI=3.28-16.71, P<0.001) showed the highest survival followed by CD3+ (OR=2.70, 95% CI=1.76-8.30, P=0.001) and CD8+ (OR=2.58, 95% CI=1.55-5.86, pP=0.001) the least when compared to respective low (+) counts. In contrast, among stromal counts, the high CD8+ count (OR=3.13, 95% CI=2.20-9.57, pP<0.001) showed the highest survival followed by CD4+ (OR=3.02, 95% CI=2.07-8.89, 0.001) and CD3+ (OR=2.45, 95% CI=1.53-6.73, 0.002) the least. Interpretation & conclusions: Our results suggest that intratumoural CD4+ and stromal CD8+ counts by immunohistochemistry may serve as an independent prognosticator for favourable outcome in breast cancer.
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Background: Aim of the present study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of CD3+ tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TILs) in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Methods: Immunohistochemistry was done with antibodies to CD3 TIL, estrogen receptors (ERs), progesterone receptor (PR) and C-erbB2 in tissue sections of 49 TNBC patients. CD3+ intratumoral and stromal TILs were counted in relation to known clinicopathological factors. Results: Intratumoral CD3+ TILs were significantly associated with stage (p = 0.05) with insignificant association with age, menopausal status, family history, grade and lymph node status. Higher counts of stromal CD3+ TILs were significantly associated with stage (p = 0.05), whereas grade, lymph node status, age, menopausal status and family history were insignificant with CD3+ count. The higher CD3 intratumoral and stromal counts both showed significant association with good prognosis (p 0.05). Conclusion: CD3+ TILs may serve as good prognostic marker in TNBC. The results of present study need further validation on larger sample size.